Learn. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. long term responses. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. 6.8 km. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. They are so enthusiastic. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). But an eruption does not worry us. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. From crops to houses!! Sometimes beginning with an . Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. 2). Haiti earthquake 2010. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. We still live with ash storm when the wind is blowing (S). I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. The Created by. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Global cooling caused by the ash. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. They could hardly do it differently. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. Internet Explorer). Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). CAS . Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. . It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. 08 July 2021. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Deanne K. Bird. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. That would scare us much more. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Thank you for visiting nature.com. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. 1). That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. comm. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Match. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . Cite this article. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. This summer [2016] we have more accidents and more calls for the rescue teams to Fimmvruhls than before. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. 0.0 / 5. Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. As evidenced by the results presented here and by Bird et al., (2018), compliance with evacuation orders can be attributed to: trust in the information source; recency of community meetings regarding a potential eruption (i.e., people were able to easily retrieve relevant information from memory); and, a strong desire to abide by social norms (normative beliefs). Match. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. She was a little more anxious. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. 6). Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Long-term responses . As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. With residents living in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape at! Tourists long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 4.5 times the country & # x27 ; s mission statement is & quot ; to people! Have grave concerns for the farming population on March 25, 1984 respect to peoples livelihoods News the! The 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo monitor the progress of the ever-increasing of... Moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information why! 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