C $24.12 . In less than 100 years, these projects would radically transform the river that nature had created over millions of years and that Native Americans had hunted along, canoed on, and fished in for thousands of years. Twenty-seven river miles downstream, at Hastings, they recorded a rise of about one foot and at Red Wing about one-half foot. If built, this project would allow Minneapolis to become the head of navigation. After charging men under him to undertake the tributary surveys, Warren began the upper Mississippi survey from the Rock Island Rapids to Minneapolis himself. . Originally published in the July 2006 issue of Civil War Times. In early March, Grant wired General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck, I will have Vicksburg this month or fail in the attempt. He ordered operations on the Yazoo River and through Steeles Bayou, both of which ended in failure. U.S. Congress, House, Survey of Upper Mississippi River, 39th Congress, 2d sess., House Ex. Maybe, at a few places, especially between St. Paul and Hastings, settlers could have waded across on some persistent bar during extremely low water. 11, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909), pp. A newly completed lock and dam and another one under construction promised to make Minneapolis the head of navigation. Connected with this matter is a secret history, upon which I proceed as discreetly as may be to cast a little light. The four broad projects are known as the 4-, 41/2-, 6- and 9-foot channel projects. 84-85, 91. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . In 1854 the first two railroads reached the Mississippi River: the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad at Rock Island, Illinois, and the Chicago and Alton at Alton, Illinois. United States army engineers responded in 1894 by announcing plans for two locks and dams . To get off, pilots sometimes used spars, long wood poles on which the front and back of the boats would be alternately jacked up and pushed forward. To create a 4-foot channel and deal with the Rock Island and Des Moines Rapids, the Corps established its first offices on the upper Mississippi River: one at St. Paul and one at Keokuk, Iowa (the latter would be moved to Rock Island in 1869).28 On July 31, 1866, A. The XV Corps commander argued that Porters gunboats and transports could not run past Vicksburgs batteries. Raymond Merritt, Creativity, Conflict & Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979); Roald Tweet, A History of Rock Island District, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Tornado warnings and bow echos were everywhere, but once it crossed the river, it immediately started weakening. as the mat went down under the load . Her father, Albert Kirchner, along with Jacob Richtman, both from Fountain City, Wisconsin, became the leading contractors for the Corps in wing dam construction. At Dibbles Point, the shoreline had eroded 15 to 20 feet in one year due to a wing dam built at Prescott Island, near Prescott.67 To protect shores from naturally eroding or from being undercut by the constricted channel, the Corps protected hundreds of miles of shoreline with brush mats and rock. Wildlife Although the river is very different than it was when the city was founded in 1764, a wide diversity of wildlife can still be found in and around it. He also sold boat-stores and groceries to the steamboats that stopped at the levee. As steamboats evolved and as the region's population and production grew, the river's limitations as a navigation route would become unacceptable and Midwesterners would repeatedly call for its improvement as a commercial artery. Because some of the bridges across the river may be under construction, unofficial, small or in disrepair, the exact number of bridges that cross the Mississippi River is difficult to pin down to a single precise number; however, it can be said that there are at least 130 bridges that cross the Mississippi River. Trees filled and enshrouded it. Westward expansion in the 1850s punctuated the need for a transcontinental railroad. Kelley and Grangers in the upper Mississippi River valley saw the river as an essential route to domestic and foreign markets. They yearned to make their city the head of navigation. Sawmill owners also feared that they would not be able to continue dumping sawdust into the river, as it would obstruct navigation, and boom company operators did not want a dam obstructing the lumber rafts they sent downriver. In his report for the 1871 season, Captain Wm. By 1857, St. Paul had become a bustling port, with over 1,000 steamboat arrivals each year by some 62 to 99 boats.2, As rapidly as the number of steamboats increased, they could not keep pace with demand. The river passed over the closing dams when high, but for most of the year, the dams directed water into the main channel, denying flow to the river's side channels and backwaters (Figure 10). Before 1906, the important problem of the arrangement was largely left to the judgment of local engineers. p. 213. Historical Features are physical or cultural features that are no longer visible on the landscape. Annual Report, 1875, p. 302. Construction of the five-and-a-half-mile, six-lane bridge cost fifty-seven million dollars. Ibid., pp. 7-8. Focusing on navigation, the Minnesota Legislature, in 1866, petitioned Congress to authorize navigation improvements above St. Paul and requested the land grant on behalf of Meeker's company. . Snags skewered the careless and even the cautious steamboat. Forward thinking entrepreneurs and politicians pushed for the development of such a railroad and in May 1869 the final spike of the Transcontinental Railroad was driven in Promontory Point in Utah. Traveling down the Mississippi to Illinois, Daly's family camped for a night a few miles below St. Paul. In his next report to the Chief of Engineers, Warren stated that new surveys showed that the Corps would have to build a second lock and dam, locating it near the mouth of Minnehaha Creek, about one-half mile below Lock and Dam No. At this point only 310 miles of levees had been built along the river, allowing for expanded cotton production within the Delta region of the state. The young Daly recalled in his memoir that he could distinctly hear the grinding of her bottom on the gravel bar over which she was passing.23 Some boats ground to a halt on sandbars. Kane, St. Anthony, p. 96, points out that the state never transferred the grant to the company. Midwesterners, however, needed to transform the river, if they hoped to make it a commercial thoroughfare. Doc. Contrary to most histories that follow Dixon, A Traffic History, p. 48, in saying that there were thirteen bridges across the Mississippi River by 1880, Patrick Brunet, The Corps of Engineers and Navigation Improvements on the Channel of Upper Mississippi River to 1939, Masters Thesis, (Austin, University of Texas, 1977), p. 46, says that there were fourteen bridges across the river by 1877, and he lists them. Navigation boosters in Minneapolis failed, however, to convince Congress of the importance of their project. In 1855 a railroad entered Galena. Mississippi Historical Crossings Additions and/or corrections to the database are encouraged! He does not provide a location for this work and there is no mention of it in later reports, however. The Confederates hammered the fleet, preventing a crossing. 1; see U.S. Congress, House, Survey of the Upper Mississippi River, Exec. Millers at St. Anthony were profiting from the release of water from the Headwaters Reservoirs, but Minneapolis civic and commercial boosters wanted more than milling. The Corps of Engineers was working on a project to save the falls. But when the Father of Waters was reached, these methods were out of the question: here apparently was an insurmountable obstacle. The Mississippi River facilitated this growth in two ways. Xcel Energy and CapX2020 partners navigate the permitting and construction of a significant river crossing. He hoped to restore the dying river connection between St. Paul and St. Louis. Between 1866 and 1869, Warren completed 30 survey maps of the upper Mississippi River, at the scale of 2 inches to the mile. As long as the Corps ran the dredges, it could limit the depth of the cut on a bar and preserve much of the deeper pool behind it. Map of A map of the United States between 1840 and 1850 showing the states and territories, and the principal routes of transportation and westward migration during the period. The committee recommended that Congress authorize surveys and get cost estimates prepared as early as possible in order to mature a plan for the radical improvement of the river, and of all its navigable tributaries.58 The committee suggested that the Corps establish a channel of 41/2 to 6 feet for the upper Mississippi River.59 To create a channel of these depths, the committee acknowledged, would require constricting the river with wing dams and closing dams.60. Leisurely the vessel glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the grandeur and natural. The works built under the 41/2-foot channel project embody these national movements and local efforts. When the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was completed in 1854 under the direction of Henry Farnam and his partner Joseph Sheffield, it became the first to connect the East with the Mississippi River. The bridge was completed on June 30, 1956. Crossing the Mighty Mississippi River From La to Ms highway 82 James Piggott, a late eighteenth century pioneer, settled in Cahokia and established a ferry operation, providing passage to St. Louis for travelers on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River. This is a list of all current and notable former bridges or other crossings of the Upper Mississippi River which begins at the Mississippi River's source and extends to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois . Porter's gunboats arrived and began shelling the defenses. Blegen, Minnesota, A History of the State, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975, 1963), p. 290. No. On the night of May 21, 1855, in the area that is now part of the Mississippi Greenway: Riverfront Trail north of the Merchant's Bridge, Mary Meachum attempted to help a small group of enslaved people cross the Mississippi River to Illinois where slavery was outlawed. Some steamboats might land only once, while others returned many times. In 1880, however, it finally authorized an experimental dam for Lake Winnibigoshish and authorized the remaining dams shortly afterwards. Jeffery's 1776 Map of the Course of the Mississippi River from the Balise to Fort Chartres. By Staff Writer Last Updated April 06, 2020. Sandbars posed the most persistent and frequent problem. Merrick, Old Times, p. 100; Havighurst, A Wilderness Saga, p. 158, says that early steamboating was a triumph of men more than machines, and, p. 159, that piloting was not so much a trade as a miracle.. How the Mississippi River Made Mark Twain And Vice Versa No novelist captured the muddy waterway and its people like the creator of Huckleberry Finn, as a journey along the river makes clear. However, for the enslaved in the country years ago, the river represented something worlds away from oppression. Doc. U.S. Congress, House, Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors, vol. From the St. Croix to the Illinois River it varied from 18 to 24 inches.15 A few miles below St. Paul, the river sometimes became so shallow that boats would have to stop within sight of the city.16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. Below the island, no deep channel existed at low water. From this work, Warren contended that in its natural state the Mississippi River's navigation channel frequently changed and that the Corps would have to survey the river each year until they understood how it worked.29 In some reaches, Warren reported, sandbars moved in waves along the channel bottom, looking something like snowdrifts. . 68-74; Jane Carroll, Dams and Damages: The Ojibway, the United States, and the Mississippi Headwaters Reservoirs, Minnesota History, (Spring, 1990):4-5. Quick Description: A covered wagon on a 1840s wooden ferry at the Mississippi River crossing; the beginning of the Mormon Pioneer Trail in Nauvoo, Illinois. The lock and dam project hopelessly mired, the Corps, during its 1890 survey, evaluated removing boulders and rocks to encourage navigation.88 Major Alexander Mackenzie, the Rock Island District commander who had taken over this part of the river with the change in funding in 1888, suspected that Congress might authorize the Corps to remove the boulders in lieu of building locks and dams, even though it had authorized $25,000 to plan for a lock and dam in 1873. The density of channel constriction works and the degree to which they physically and ecologically changed the river increased gradually over the project's history. Questions had arisen about his sobriety, with the War Department sending an observer to his headquarters. From Minneapolis' perspective, the channel improvement works on the upper Mississippi River only benefitted its principal rivalSt. This map shows the completion dates at various points along the route westward from Chicago. While still in his twenties, Donnelly had become Minnesota's lieutenant governor. The seizure of the mighty stream had been a major component of Federal strategy since the wars earliest weeks. To achieve the 1/2- foot channel, the Corps had to expand upon the channel constriction experiments. David A. Lanegran and Anne Mosher-Sheridan, The European Settlement of the Upper Mississippi River Valley: Cairo, Illinois, to Lake Itasca, Minnesota1540 to 1860, in John S. Wozniak ed., Historic Lifestyles in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, (New York: University Press of America, 1983), pp. The next . Congress, however, would soon authorize new projects for the upper Mississippi River that would make this impossible. No. While Grant continued planning and waited for the roads to dry out, he kept the troops at work digging a canal. The wing dams' success depended upon the main channel's volume and velocity. Meeker, Kane says, retained some shares of the company for himself, as did his friends. When the white explorers finally reached the valley region, they also adopted the customary mode of crossing long followed by their red predecessors. Many passengers came from the East; others came from Europe, fleeing famine in Ireland and political unrest on the continent. And the Midwest needed the South's cotton, rice, sugar, and molasses. As it had learned more about the upper Mississippi River, the Corps had recognized the futility of keeping the river navigable by dredging.61 In 1874, when the Montana could not dredge due to high water, the Engineers refitted it with a pile driver and went to Pig's Eye Island, five miles below St. Paul (Figure 8). Porters gunboats arrived and began shelling the defenses. . Midwestern farmers sent grain to Chicago, and Chicago merchants and eastern manufacturers sent their goods back on the railroads. A. Humphreys, the Chief of Engineers, ordered Brevet Major General and Major of Engineers Gouverneur K. Warren to St. Paul to begin the Corps' work on the upper Mississippi River (Figure 4). . In 1869, a tunnel from the toe of the falls to Nicollet Island collapsed just below the island. 92-93; Kane, Rivalry, p. 312. 67-68; Duties for the middle Mississippi stayed with the Office of Western Improvements in Cincinnati until 1873, when St. Louis became the new office for the middle river; see Dobney, River Engineers, pp. As more settlers arrived in the late 1770s and early 1800s, however, the need for more reliable ways to cross rivers became evident. The map shows frontier forts, outposts, and settlements, the primary migration routes of the Oregon Trail, Northern California Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Old San Antonio Road, Emory's Route, and Cooke's Wagon Route. This act signaled a new era of internal improvements and the beginning of dramatic changes to the upper Mississippi River. Grant had to abandon another joint army-navy effort when he lacked enough transports. Merritt, Creativity, p. 141, says that When it appeared that the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company would not be able to resolve its internal conflicts, Congress decided to give the project over to the Corps of Engineers. Neither author discusses who pushed Congress to authorize the project. During low water, no continuous channel existed. No. A significant historical month for this entry is October 1885. At Guttenberg, Iowa, an island split the river into two channels, one passing in front of the city and the other running along the Wisconsin side. Citizens of the old Northwest Territory states had urged operations to clear their historic avenue of commerce. 2, 10, 22, 46. Merrick's father bought a warehouse on the levee from which he ran a storage and transshipping business. Due to the collapse of this tunnel, St. Anthony Falls was in danger of eroding away. During the late summer or early fall, when the Mississippi usually became a shallow, slow-moving stream, the wing dams could not direct enough water down the channel to scour it. Subsequent engineers reduced this number to six. Rivers proved to be an unfailing source of trouble. At Lock and Dam 1, the Engineers had begun constructing the lock.92 Few, if any, spectators watching the Itura paddle through Lock 2 imagined that the new facility would be destroyed within 5 years. 44-45. If the company failed to do so, the state threatened to rescind the grant and issue it to another company. Their effort resulted in one of the most mysterious and ill-fated projects on the upper river. 1850-1899. Railroads have got enough for the present. As Cook had worked for the Washburns, Meeker expected a negative report. The Mississippi River gave birth to most cities along its banks, and those cities did all they could to ensure that the river would nurture their growth. Lucile M. Kane, Rivalry for a River: the Twin Cities and the Mississippi, Minnesota History 37:8 (December 1961):309-23. Grant Stevenson. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. The best market for the Midwest's corn, flour, pork, and beef, it claimed, was the South. Subsequently he turned to newspaper editing and publishing.20 Windom had already served in the House for a decade. U.S. Congress, House, Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors, vol. Crossing the river was essential from the outset. In this way, pilots hoped to walk their boat over the bar. 309-10. Without enough current, this happened too slowly for navigation. The number of islands, of course, varied with the season and the year, as many islands were temporary. Anfinson, Secret History, Minnesota History 54:6 (Summer 1995):254-67. 1682-83; U.S. Congress, Senate, Construction of Locks and Dams in the Mississippi River, 53d Cong., 2d sess., Exec. The area is ideal for classic resort cabin or camping vacations. Mississippi was given title to more than three million acres of swamp and overflow land along its northwestern border with the Mississippi River. They would have to focus the river's current into one main channel and block off the myriad side channels. The Crossing connects West Memphis to downtown Memphis. . Over the next year, the Grange founded nearly 12,000 chapters and claimed over 858,000 members. . as part of a portfolio of multi-value projects approved by the midcontinent independent system operator, this river crossing is 1.56 miles (2.51 km) long, connects the maywood substation in missouri and the herleman substation in illinois, and is part of the illinois rivers transmission project 385 miles (620 km) of transmission from palmyra, As the state failed to return it, the Corps did not begin work. Direct communication, they pleaded, is both natural and necessary, and the all-beneficent Creator has graciously anticipated the wants and necessities of unborn millions in having given us exactly such a continuous means of supply and exchange from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mexico. The petition even cited editorials from the St. Paul papers stressing the importance of Minneapolis to the region's economy. During its 1872 to 1873 session, Congress temporarily ended debate over the project, when it refused to amend the land grant.84. This also caused some delay. The Harahan Bridge opened in 1916 and was used until 1949. In the South, although there were migrations to Mississippi and Louisiana, many more people went to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. II The Midwest, (The University of Alabama Press, 1973), pp. The island divided the river, and the navigation channel sometimes ran on the east side and sometimes on the west. 58, pp. 32 21.065 N, 90 53.032 W. Marker is in Vicksburg, Mississippi, in Warren County. The Mississippi River, the state insisted, provided the natural link. Over the next five years, the city's newspapers, civic leaders and the Territorial Legislature called for locks and dams to carry the booming steamboat trade to Minneapolis. If lucky, they avoided hogging the boat; that is, warping or breaking its hull.24. George Byron Merrick, Old Times on the Upper Mississippi: The Recollections of a Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863, Appendix B, Opening of Navigation at St. Paul, 1844-1862, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987), p. 295. Warnings and bow echos were everywhere, but once it crossed the River, if they hoped to the... Was in danger of eroding away database are encouraged its 1872 to 1873 session, Congress ended. Anfinson, secret history, Minnesota history 37:8 ( December 1961 ):309-23 Twin Cities and the River. 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