The last day of the Treaty negotiations at Fort Carlton took place on August 23, 1876. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. Treaty 6 was signed in 1876. The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. [25] The lack of trapping territory, along with the decline of the buffalo left the Cree helpless. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. [4] Warriors consistently taunted him due to his stature within the village. [8] Children did not wear much clothing and boys wore nothing until the age of five. Big Bear and Little Pine also believed in the sovereignty of their own Nations and were opposed to the idea of another Nation governing and applying their laws to them. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. 1 What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. Treaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. There were many subsequent adhesions to the treaty by individual bands, well into the 20th century. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. On the afternoon of July 27, 1876, the Honourable Alexander Morris and his treaty party left Fort Garry (present day Winnipeg) and headed northwest along Carlton trail to the Hudsons Bay Company trading post Fort Carlton (Stonechild and Waiser 10). Treaty 6 Today It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. If they were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation in goods and land. [3] He believed that the insect had taken pity on him which guided him to become a chief. [7] From this moment on, a special bond was formed between the child and whoever named them. Sweet Grass himself killed a Blackfoot Chief who had been using a hollow tree as a shield by shooting through it and piercing his heart. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. The treaty annuities are annual cash payments distributed by the Government of Canada to the descendants of the Indigenous peoples who signed the RobinsonSuperior and RobinsonHuron treaties and the Numbered Treaties. Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. For the first three years after the signing of the treaty, Indigenous peoples farming on reserves were entitled to $1,000 in agricultural provisions. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. (Dodson 14). Because of these important disagreements with treaty they would refuse to sign and did all they could to protect what was left of the buffalo herds(Dodson 22). When Sweet Grass was chief, the different bands of the Cree were loose in a wide-ranging areas and usually named for the territory in which they operated[13] It was not uncommon for different bands to hunt and perform rituals together as seen with Sweet Grass relationship with Big Bear. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. University of SaskatchewanDisclaimer|Privacy|Accessibility, Aboriginal Friendship Centres of Saskatchewan, Big Island Lake First Nation (Joseph Big Head), Hatchet Lake Denesuline Nation (Lac la Hache), Indian Policy and the Early Reserve Period, Island Lake Band (Ministikwan Indian Reserve), Mosquito, Grizzly Bears Head, Lean Man First Nations, Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies, Young Chipeewayan First Nation (Stony Knoll). A picture of Sweet Grass is in the archives of the Glenbow Museum. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Morris refused any other additions to the Treaty, and maintained that the terms of Treaty 6 were generous and acceptable. However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson. During discussions, Gov. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Four days later, Morris met with the Duck Lake band. The peak of the conflict came in 1861 when the Blackfoot had threatened to kill any Cree, Metis, or white man whom they stumbled upon. A messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but it is unknown why Big Bear and Little Pine didnt receive the message. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. a. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. His goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith to the Western parts of Canada. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. [24] Additionally, as the Hudson's Bay Company moved into the prairies, the fur trade offered an extremely important source of income and goods for the Cree. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (Stonechild and Waiser 15). The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. Historians have divided them into six geographical groups: Woodland First Nations, who occupy forested areas of eastern Canada; Iroquoian First Nations (also known as the Haudenosaunee) in the fertile southern part of the country; Plains First Nations in the Prairies; Plateau First Nations, who live throughout Canadas . Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Website Design by M.R. If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . This made the Plains Cree very nervous and they confronted the surveyors and warned them to stop what they were doing because the government had not met with them to discuss their concerns. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). Schools were to be established on reserves. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. His mother was kidnapped during a war with the Cree from a tribe, which was located around Missouri. Mtis observer and translator, Peter Erasmus noted that Morris was shaken by the incident. [17] After death, the soul would wonder the earth for four days, and then would travel to the land of the dead, which was believed to be in the Milky Way. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). Claiming lands for the sake of the tribe b. Trending. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. There were also village elders and warriors. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. If you cant come yourself, send someone in your place. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. Our Legacy Treaties: Negotiations and Rights, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Typed Transcript of Treaty 6 Text, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Map of Canada in 1876, The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Learn More About Treaty 6 Indigenous Peoples, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Treaty 6. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The father of the child would ask Cree Shamans with spiritual powers to help with the naming process. There typically was a large number of warriors within a band and these men held extremely high prestige. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (, The First Nations further negotiated terms not promised in earlier treaties, such as: the, assistance in times of calamity and pestilence, The last day of the Treaty negotiations at Fort Carlton took place on August 23, 1876. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. [3] There is no record of his father. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. Treaties were a way of settling disputes for land, trading, hunting and gathering, marriage between tribes, and ending wars. (Dedicated this 16thday of July 1993 by the Cree Nation)". Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). Under the leadership of Young Sweet Grass, the band began to fall apart due to internal conflict. [3] Both Chiefs would work together in multiple raids on the Blackfoot. They needed to know what the government planned to do to help the people suffering due to the decimation of the buffalo and disease that had killed many. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. 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