Common Diseases of Holly and Their Control 3 above the soil level, not below. Another holly bush plant disease is Botryosphaeria canker, also called bot canker, which can occur on all types of holly. We welcome your comments and Size: 30 to 50 ft. (9 15 m) tall and 15 to 25 ft. (4.5 7.6 m) wide. For more information, contact the Clemson Extension Home & Garden Information Center. These products contain imidacloprid, which will move up and throughout the shrub and protect the holly from most insect damage for a year. Damage: Tips of infected branches may hang down. The best defense against canker is prevention. Good cultural practices, such as proper fertilization, control of soil moisture, and providing good drainage (raised beds), will reduce the disease. Sign up for our newsletter. Infected roots are dark brown to black, usually starting at the root tips. Care for plants well so that they are not under stress from other factors. The plants flowers can help identify female holly plants apart from male flowers. The types of diseases that are harmful to holly trees include tar spot, cankers, purple blotch, spine spot and chlorosis. Most diseases of holly can be attributed to fungus. It forces succulent growth, which is more susceptible to fire blight infection. Keep in mind that treatments must be done each year for the life of the tree and won't be effective against other tree diseases that may compromise the tree's health. Fungicide drenches are not generally recommended for landscape use since infected plants cannot be cured. Green, white, Autumn Purple, and the other ash trees are susceptible. Blue holly is a large shrub or small tree with glossy green, pointed leaves with spines on the margins and shiny crimson red berries. Like any other tree root disease, rots are unnoticed as they happen under the soil surface. Aptly named, fire blight gives trees and shrubs the appearance that portions of their branches have been scorched by fire. Remove infected leaves, but do not compost them. A symptom of a fungal or bacterial condition or infection by several insects, gall is an odd and sometimes unsightly growth that can be found on a tree. Canker is a tree disease characterized by a localized dead area on a trunk or branch. Female nematodes build their webs and lay their eggs in the root system of holly bushes. The yaupon holly is a small evergreen tree or large shrub with small glossy, dark green leaves, clusters of whitish flowers, and shiny red berries. Brown, 1- to 3-inch-long "bags" hang from the branches. Purple blotches appear on the leaves of the holly and, as the name indicates, are purple. The longstalk holly bush is a broadleaved evergreen plant with glossy green smooth leaves without any serration or spines on the edges. Japanese hollies (I. crenata) are very intolerant of poorly drained soils and are especially prone to root rot. Caution: Pollinating insects, such as honey bees and bumblebees, can be adversely affected by the use of pesticides. They occur in the spring during periods when the weather is cool and moist. As an alternative, a soil application of dinotefuran or imidacloprid is effective in controlling the larvae within the leaves. Disinfect pruning tools by dipping after each cut in a solution of 1 part chlorine bleach and 9 parts water. 1. The 6 Most Common Apple Tree Diseases and How to Prevent Them, 10 Common Tomato Plant Diseases That Can Wreck Your Crop, How to Prevent Powdery Mildew on Squash Plants for a Healthy Crop, Try These Garden Pest Control Methods to Prevent Common Invaders, Leaf Curl on Apple Trees Is a Sign of DiseaseHere Are the Causes, How to Spot 6 Common Plant Diseases and Keep Your Garden Healthy, 13 Common Garden Pests and Diseases You Should Target ASAP, How to Get Rid of Cucumber Beetles on Your Plants. How to Care for a Silver Variegated English Holly, Instructions for Planting & Caring for a Holly Bush, Clemson Cooperative Extension: Holly Diseases & Insect Pests. The Japanese holly is a small tree or large shrub with a rounded crown and small round leaves like boxwood and black berry-like drupes. All recommendations are for South Carolina conditions and may not apply to other areas. Control: Usually, rust fungi are harmless to the plant and rarely require control measures. The holly, its bright-red berries a favorite symbol of winter, is one of the most popular landscape trees. While thiophanate-methyl works on a wide variety of holly diseases, other fungicides may specifically target some diseases. This is a tree bark disease that affects hardwood fruit trees, particularly plum and apple trees. Ornamental cherry trees are especially vulnerable to leaf spot tree disease. Holly dieback due to Phytophthora root rot in a root cell. In periods of drought, water trees thoroughly. Grow it for foundation plantings, evergreen hedges, or a specimen tree. They live in organic matter in the soil or on roots and other parts of living plants. Tree disease identification takes into account signs and symptoms. The fungus Thielaviopsis basicola causes black root rot. Such is the case for problems like purple blotch, spine spot, holly scorch, and chlorosis. After approximately a month, the nymphs become winged adults, which also feed upon turfgrass sap. When adult males emerge from pupal cases, they fly to find females and mate. Severely affected plants may have twig dieback. It rarely is fatal. She has more than 20 years of experience writing and editing for both print and digital media. Crawlers can be controlled with Orthene, Diazinon, or malathion. Prune during dry weather to minimize the spread of the disease. This disease begins as small, yellow spots on the leaves, which eventually become reddish brown to black in color and drop out, leaving holes in the foliage. She also writes about landlord and tenant laws. Dwarf holly shrubs are ideal plants for compact gardens, evergreen hedgerows, or growing in containers. The bark at the base of the blighted twig takes on a water-soaked appearance, then looks dark, sunken, and dry. Leaves will drop off and branches may die back. Mary Keim / Flickr / CC By 2.0. Aboveground symptoms may include stunting of terminal growth, shortening of internodes, and interveinal chlorosis. However, it is the resulting second generation of adults that cause the most damage, both in lawns, but also in nearby ornamentals, such as on certain types of hollies. Sometimes a holly bush disease is due to environmental factors. Dip your cutting tools in a 10 percent bleach solution. Copyright The small flowering evergreen tree grows well as a hedge or specimen plant in a garden landscape. All Rights Reserved. Crawler activity often coincides with the flush of new plant growth in the spring. Remove dead or damaged limbs along with any that cross each other or grow back toward the trunk first, then continue thinning as needed. Later, one or more limbs may wilt and die back to the main trunk, and a brown to black streak of dead tissue may extend from one area of rotted roots to the damaged limb. Male ilex aquifolium flower (left) and female flowers (right). Tar spot is a fungal disease caused by Phacidium curtisii. Holly tree berries: English holly tree berries are yellow, orange, burgundy, or red. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson UniversityClyde S. Gorsuch, PhD, Emeritus Faculty, Entomology, Clemson University, Joey Williamson, PhD, HGIC Horticulture Extension Agent, Clemson University. Dead or dying branches should also be removed. A purple blotch appears when a holly tree is injured, damaged or if it is dry and without nutrients. This series of Key Plant, Key Pests publications are designed for Florida gardeners, horticulturalists, and landscape professionals to help identify common pests associated with common Florida flora. The larvae are about 1/16-inch long. Insecticidal soap sprays can provide control when applied before population numbers get too high. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. Holly tree leaves: Eagleston holly tree leaves are green ovate leaves and sometimes have tiny short yellowish spines along the margins. Holly tree leaves: Dark green, waxy leaves that are 2.5 (6.5 cm) long with five to six spines on each side. The botanical name for the English holly means needle leaf. Grow as an evergreen screen to keep out unwanted intruders or wildlife. As an alternative to boxwood shrubs, inkberry shrubs are ideal low-growing hedging plants. Root rots, however, are lethal and can live in the ground for many years even without a holly tree present. This publication, the eighth in the Key Plant, Key Pests series, helps identify the most common pests found on holly ( Ilex sp.). Prevention & Treatment: The fungus has the ability to persist in the soil for many years, even in the absence of susceptible plants. Plant the bush on well-draining soil, giving it enough space to breathe. Holly trees can grow between 30 and 80 ft. (10 24 m) tall. Nematodes can cause symptoms that resemble those caused by disease, and their feeding on plant roots can also create openings that allow disease pathogens to enter. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Insecticides labeled for homeowner use against scale crawlers include acephate, malathion, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, and bifenthrin. The English holly is usually used for Christmas decorations in Europe. Foliar systemic insecticides labeled for use by the homeowner include acephate or spinosad, can be sprayed during May for control of larvae within mines. Always try less toxic alternative sprays first for the control of insect pests and diseases. When leaf diseases are known to be present, gently shake the holly bush or sweep it with a rake to remove as many diseased leaves as possible before raking the ground. Adult Japanese beetles feed on flowers and leaves of various trees and shrubs, such as linden, crabapple, birch, and rose. Although most species of hollies are evergreen plants, there are some deciduous holly bushes that drop their leaves in winter. Young leaves formed during cool, damp weather are damaged easily if exposed to hot, dry, windy weather. Size: 3 to 15 ft. (1 4.5 m) tall and 3 to 12 ft. (1 3.6 m) wide. Both of these evergreen holly trees are famous for their shiny, jagged leaves and winter red berries. Adults, eggs, and cast skins (white) of southern red mite (Oligonychus ilicis).John A. Weidhass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, www.forestryimages.org. Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer in spring and early summer. Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Spotted Lanternfly Permit Training for Businesses: New Jersey, Pesticide Applicator Short Course (Core | Cats. The plant will cast off the damaged leaves and continue to thrive. View our Privacy Policy here. The powdery material can be scraped off. If insecticides are going to be used, spray when crawlers are observed. Both varieties look similar, in that they have an abundance of red berries and sharp-toothed foliage. Holly berries usually stay on the evergreen bushes throughout the winter. Characterized by odd-looking clusters of intense growth, shoots infected with witches' broom grow out of lateral buds on branches in a pattern that can resemble a broom. It has killed millions of trees in the Midwest, and it's slowly spreading across the country. It is vital to clean your tools between cuts to keep from spreading the disease. Sprays will last about 10 14 days. If the shrub is replaced, first fumigate and thoroughly aerate the soil. Leafminer damage has neither a gray center nor a purple halo. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Professional Writing from Taylor University, which enabled him to write for several Indiana newspapers, including The Waynesdale News and The News Herald. 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