At 3C, parts of the East Antarctic ice sheet are also projected to be fully lost, and total ice loss would lead to around 6 to 12 meters (20 to 39 feet) or more of sea level rise. The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10C (50F) in summer. Before discussing the exact number of countries presently holding claims on Antarctica, its important to understand what these claims constitute. 14. List of countries Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, 89.2C (128.6F). Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. [28] Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma. Antarctica is a continent located at the furthest southern reaches of the globe. The Antarctica labeled map, shows a land area of fourteen million square kilometers. [75] Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three times the global average between 1990 and 2020. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. [68] A lower air temperature of 94.7C (138.5F) was recorded in 2010 by satellitehowever, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2m (7ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records. ", "World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring ProjectReport No. Read more: Summer Season in the South Pole. [80], Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. This organism is known for its tolerance to extreme conditions and is mainly used in experiments that simulate space conditions. This Great White South related article is a stub. Put aside your responsibilities for the night and say no to that October Isnt it gorgeous? After this greedy division of the Antarctic region came some better days. [92], Antarctica contains about 90% of the world's ice. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. For a list of them, see List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands. Antarctica is 1.3 times as large as Europe. [103] Models suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. Still, seven countries have territorial claims Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom but those claims are largely ignored. List of Countries List of Countries in Antarctica Continent Home World Continents Antarctica Map of Antarctica Antarctica is the world's fifth-largest continent that is covered in ice and covers Earth's South Pole. Chile. Multicoloured snow algae are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. [106] The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow polar stratospheric clouds to form. Despite its remoteness, human activity has a significant impact on the continent via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. It is one of the world's coldest and driest placestemperatures there may reach as low as 90C (130F), and the annual precipitation is 13cm (0.391.18in). Kopeck. This area lies south of the Pacific Ocean and East of the Ross Sea. [95][99] Increased ice outflow has been observed in some regions of East Antarctica, particularly at Wilkes Land. There have been few scientific studies conducted in the area. His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer. Despite the years of effort to have Antarctica preserved as a politics-free zone, many countries still vie for its territory to this day. Emperor penguin. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. The common invertebrates in this Antarctic region include nematodes, springtails, mites and rotifers. [100] A tipping point for the West Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be between 1.5 and 2.0C (2.7 and 3.6F) of global warming. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. The Continent of Antarctica is the Fifth largest continent behind Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Measuring approximately 14 million km, which is around 8.9% of the planet Earths land and 2.7% of the Planets Surface. [200], Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people onboard. Antarctica is about 5.5 million square miles (14.2 million square km) in size, and thick ice covers about 98 percent of the land. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by seed ferns (pteridosperms) belonging to the genus Dicroidium, which grew as trees. 1. Altogether they staff anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 people during winter and summer, respectively. [115], A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year was released in 2010. [96][95], Most of the ice loss has taken place on the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. Most of the Queen Maud Land is covered with ice sheet, except for the mountain ranges which allows for limited growth of flora. Choose New & profitable buyers from 0 Lvds cable importers in Antarctica based on import shipments till Jan - 23 with Price, Supplier, Qty, Ph, Email & Linkedin It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for millions of years, but scientists now estimate its water is replaced by the slow melting and freezing of ice caps every 13,000 years. [139] The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary was established in 1994 by the International Whaling Commission. Argentina. [1] The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was 89.2C (128.6F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. It is also inclusive of three island regions i.e. [193] The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals. [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. They are: New Zealand Australia France Norway UK Chile Argentina So what interest do they have taking a piece of this remote continent? Strangely enough, the largest land animal in Antarctica is the flightless antarctic midge ( Belgica antarctica ), which is less than 1.3cm in length, crazy right!? The relative warmth of the Arctic Ocean is transferred through the Arctic sea ice and moderates temperatures in the Arctic region. Even though it is not a country, it is the coldest region on Earth and is covered in snow all year round. It was there, on Antarctica, that scientists from a large number of countries came together to learn about the world and the universe. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss. Price: 9050 USD. The answer to this question weve already talked about, there are seven countries that claim one area each as their own, the exception being Norway which claims two territories: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. As CO2 levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to Chile. As such, they must have survived multiple glacial cycles. In the age of globalization and new technologies it is significant to know geography of other countries especially their capitals. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim, as there is no evidence Davis landed on the Antarctic continent rather than an offshore island. Because so many countries claim this area of the world, the Antarctic Treaty System was created to ensure all countries share the continent equally. The continent is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Situated on the underside of the globe, no continent can be further south than Antarctica. A full collapse would likely not take place unless warming reaches between 2 and 3C (3.6 and 5.4F), and may occur within centuries under pessimistic assumptions. the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include Cordaitales, sphenopsids, ferns, and lycophytes. International Geophysical Year was a major turning point for countries deeply separated by the Cold War and the danger it posed. [190], Deposits of coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. [208] The largest neutrino detector in the world, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, is at the Amundsen-Scott Station. The widely recognized all the 7 continents are listed by size below, from biggest to smallest. Country Population 2019 Area GDP - Per Capita Flag Map Capital Largest City by Pop. This model adopts the criteria of both the six-continent models, resulting in the following 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Oceania (or Australia), and Antarctica. [32] After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early Permian, the land became dominated by glossopterids (an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently Glossopteris, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive coal deposits. This Icey region of Antarctica was discovered by Lincoln Ellsworth and his co-pilot Herbert Hollick-Keyon as they were crossing the continent. Antarctica is the least populated continent. As of 2021, 54 countries have signed the pact, which came into force in 1961. .ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a a{width: !important;height: !important;}.ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a li a{color:!important;border-color:!important;background-color:!important;}.ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a li a:hover{border-color:!important;color:!important;background-color:!important;}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li > a{color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:6px;}.lqd-stickybar > .lqd-head-col > .header-module > .ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd li{margin-inline-start:6px;}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li > a:hover, .ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd li.is-active > a{color:rgb(36, 154, 145);} In particular, the United States seeks to promote Antarctica's status as a continent reserved for peace and science in accordance with the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. Both ice shelves act to stabilise the glaciers that feed into them. The treaty went into effect in 1961 and had been signed by 54 nations as of 2021. [31] West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during the time, large amounts of sandstones, limestones, and shales were deposited. [134], Captain James Cook's ships, HMSResolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. The United States played a major role in negotiating this Treaty, which was signed in Washington, and [] Cross the Drake Passage. [61] On top of the base are coal and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. [50], Around 53 Ma, Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, opening the Tasmanian Passage. Often described as a continent of superlatives, Antarctica is not only the world's southernmost continent. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200ft). The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic. During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. [159], The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish whaling ship Antarctic reached Cape Adare. [134] The overfishing of krill (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have acceeded to the treaty. [24] Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano and erupts around 10 times each day. [22][23], Vinson Massif, in the Ellsworth Mountains, is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892m (16,050ft). During the 1950s, seven countries were very eager to lay claim to the Antarctic continent. [1] Despite these regulations, illegal fishingparticularly of the highly prized Patagonian toothfish which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.remains a problem. [2] As such, a number of notable ice features have been described on the continent. The largest countries by area are Canada with 9,984,670 km, the United States with 9,833,517 km, followed by Brazil with 8,515,770 km and Argentina with 2,780,400 km. [13], The lakes that lie at the base of the continental ice sheet occur mainly in the McMurdo Dry Valleys or various oases. [105] The depletion is caused by the emission of chlorofluorocarbons and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases. Ognia. Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Telephone. Antarctic Stations - Scientific Research Bases and Facilities Antarctic Stations - Bases - Currently Occupied McMurdo Station, from the Summit of Observation Hill South Pole Station and - Geographic South Pole Signy Base Table key: Yellow Background - year round station | White background - summer only station or air facility From within the United States: 1-888-407-4747. [5] The Greek geographer Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. [26] The ice dome known as Dome Argus in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422ft). [60] It is built on a craton of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian Shield. [note 2] Rivers exist in Antarctica, the longest being the Onyx. [160], During the Nimrod Expedition led by the British explorer Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. It has no countries. [210] Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars. If youre planning the vacation of a lifetime, theres no better option than sunny Barcelona. This Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities was adopted in 1988. 7 continents of the world. [18] The ice sheet extends to all but a few oases, which, with the exception of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, are located in coastal areas. NA. COPYRIGHT 2022 | Isolated Traveller. If average temperatures were to begin to fall, the ice would not immediately be restored. The treaty was signed on the 1st of December 1959, states: 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, Geographical articles missing image alternative text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 04438E to 13611E, and 14202E to 16000E, 8000W to 7400W claimed by Chile (1940), 7400W to 5300W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943), 5300W to 2500W claimed by Argentina (1943), 8000W to 7400W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940), 5300W to 2500W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 23:26. [59], East Antarctica is geologically varied. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa Gabon - Libreville The Gambia - Banjul Ghana - Accra Guinea - Conakry Guinea-Bissau - Bissau Kenya - Nairobi Lesotho - Maseru Liberia - Monrovia Libya - Tripoli Madagascar - Antananarivo Malawi - Lilongwe Mali - Bamako Mauritania - Nouakchott Mauritius - Port Louis Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat Mozambique - Maputo Since it was instituted, the treaty has grown to include 54 parties, most of which have established research bases on the continent. The list of countries or areas contains the names of countries or areas in alphabetical order, their three-digit numerical codes used for statistical processing purposes by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat, and their three-digit alphabetical codes assigned by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Countries of Australia Capital City Population Australia Sydney 24,255,949 New Zealand Auckland 4,727,459 Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 7,321,589 Total 36,304,997 Contents1 What are the 14 countries in Australia?2 How many countries are in Australia?3 How many countries are in [] This coupled with the high wind speeds and lack of potable water, food or shelter makes it one of the . There are a number of mountain lists for Antarctica: Antarctica has a number of active and extinct volcanoes. Antarctica, including all territorial claims by sovereign states, is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S. As weve already established, there are no countries in Antarctica, and making a list of such countries would be absolutely redundant. Sort countries of Antarctica and capitals of Antarctica countries by their respective column. [153] The British naval officer James Clark Ross failed to realise that what he referred to as "the various patches of land recently discovered by the American, French and English navigators on the verge of the Antarctic Circle" were connected to form a single continent. The interior regions of the continent see temperatures of -76F (-60C) in the winter and -4F (-20C) in the summer. Below are the 54 countries in Africa in alphabetical order: Countries of Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde/ Cape Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo/ Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt (transcontinental - generally considered African) Equatorial Guinea It is the fifth-largest continent in the world, but most of its regions are covered in ice. A little-known fact about Antarctica is that it is the largest desert on Earth. Fauna from the La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, dating to the Eocene, is very similar to equivalent South American faunas; with marsupials, xenarthrans, litoptern, and astrapotherian ungulates, as well as gondwanatheres and meridiolestidans. Let's Add All That Up. Its coastline is almost 18,000km (11,200mi) long:[1] as of 1983[update], of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an ice shelf, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is ice streams or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land, and Victoria Land. Biologists, in addition to researching wildlife, are interested in how low temperatures and the presence of humans affect adaptation and survival strategies in organisms. [131][132] The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in cold, methane-rich environments. This is the largest unclaimed area in Antarctica and covers over 1,600,000 square kilometers. Few nations including Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and United Kingdom have laid claims over it, yet it still appears to be an independent territory without any government ownership or rule. At 131 feet (40 meters) below sea level, the Valds Peninsula, located in . Rules set forth by the treaty (and its updates) include: Antarctica is believed to have abundant natural resources such as oil reserves and 70% of the Earth's freshwater; however, the Antarctic Treaty prevents humans from exploiting the land for these resources. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. [150][151], On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 18371840 expedition of the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the Dumoulin Islands, off the coast of Adlie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples erected the French flag and claimed French sovereignty over the territory. Go Kayaking. [206], The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better astronomical observations at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth. [164] In 1937, Ingrid Christensen became the first woman to step onto the Antarctic mainland. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the, colonized structural cavities within porous rocks, first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, "Highlights from the Bartholomew Archive: The naming of Antarctica", "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica", "The Lost Dry Valleys of the Polar Plateau", "Origin and Evolution of the Sub-Antarctic Islands", "Bunbury Basalt: Gondwana breakup products or earliest vestiges of the Kerguelen mantle plume? Antarctica is a unique continent in that it does not have a native human population. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. 667. The 10 Best Romantic Getaways in Tennessee Mountains, What is the Best Time to Visit Shillong and Cherrapunji, Nicaragua in October: Weather, Places to Visit & Things to Do, The Top 9 Budget Hacks for Long-Term Travelers, 7 Things That You Should Do When You Are in Tucson, Best Places to Visit in Europe when you are on a Budget. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. There are no countries in Antarctica. [1] The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. Visit a Science Research Station. [128] It is thought to be likely that there exists a native bacterial community within the subterranean water body of Lake Vostok. [122], The simplified morphology of such fungi, along with their similar biological structures, metabolism systems capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, and Antarctica are the continents. [122] Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22m (48in) in 48 hours have been recorded. This picture is taken from the area where I went to high school. This inlet of the Antarctic Peninsula is also a great place to enjoy whale sighting, from humpback and killer whales to the orcas. [65] The Prince Charles Mountains contain deposits of iron ore.[66] There are oil and natural gas fields in the Ross Sea. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Emergency. How many countries in Antarctica continent No Countries, but 7 nations want a piece Seven nations from around the globe lay claim to different parts of the continent. According to the United Nations, there are 14 countries in Oceania (Australia) and these vary in size from the largest one like Australia (that is both a continent as well as country) to the smallest one like Nauru. The Antarctic Treaty. Antarctica is a desert, receiving very little annual precipitation. [161] Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the south Polar Plateau. The product of their collaboration was the Antarctica Treaty. [117], There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. [123][124], Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. ", "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen", "The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land", "Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen", "Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On", Australian Institute of International Affairs, "IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 20192020", "Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities", "A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture", "Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration", "Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica", "Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites", "2: The Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica", Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, "Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions", Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1133467430, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Middle French (ca. [70], Antarctica is a polar desert with little precipitation; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150mm (6in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. Instead, Antarctica is made up of territories that were claimed by different existing countries. [39] In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the Cretaceous period (14666Ma), though southern beech trees (Nothofagus) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous. The always up-to-date list of all countries of the world in alphabetical order A Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C [189] The UK passed some of the areas it claimed to Australia and New Zealand after they achieved independence. This is a group of islands situated in the Southern Ocean 604 kilometers north of the Antarctic Peninsula. A list of Antarctic ice shelves can be found at List of Antarctic ice shelves. [51] The Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. Best Answer. ; Africa comprises 54 countries. [79] A main component of climate variability in Antarctica is the Southern Annular Mode (a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the Southern Hemisphere), which showed strengthened winds around Antarctica in the summer of the later decades of the 20th century, associated with cooler temperatures over the continent.
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