turkey - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. There are approximately 110 million native speakers of Persian around the world making it one of the world's most spoken languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. Counties will have lowered popular opinion with their direct Liege if they belong to a different culture and especially heritage. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. During the classical period, mosque plans changed to include inner and outer courtyards. Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. Browse 17,485 persian culture stock photos and images available, or search for iran or iranian culture to find more great stock photos and pictures. Formulating the Sunni concept of division between temporal and religious authorities, he provided a theological basis for the existence of Sultanate, a temporal office alongside the Caliphate, which by that time was merely a religious office. Ferdowsi, author of Shahnameh, took 35 years to write his epic poem about the heroes of Ancient Persia. The cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Kashan, and Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian carpets. These two dynasties together drew the center of the Islamic world eastward. Turkish film director Fatih Akn, who lives in Germany and has dual Turkish-German citizenship, won the Golden Bear Award at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival with the film Head-On. Although populations across this vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, and ethnic affiliation) and spoke many different languages (mostly Indo-Iranian languages like Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pushtu, Baluchi, or Kurdish, or Turkic languages like Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz), people shared a number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, and rituals. In modern day Mahmoud Farshchian is a world renowned master of Persian painting and miniatures. The institutions stabilized Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Western Asia, until the twentieth century. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. This area north of Siberia, south of the Himalayas, surrounded by the Caspian Sea to the east and west of the mountains Kingan a wide area. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. (Aug., 1999), pp. Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team, AFP: Turkey's Turkoglu named NBA's Most Improved Player, BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters, Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones, Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative, "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Turkey&oldid=1134022568, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:00. The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nzm Hikmet, whoduring his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. A remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western, Central and South Asia. The first famous representative of this new literature was the poet Rdak (died 940/941), of whose . The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Ottoman Turkish is quite distinct from modern Turkish because it incorporated many more Persian and Arabic vocabularies. [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. The colorful displays are usually designs taken from book covers, but geography can influence the tapestries as well. interpreted as divine light, indicating the presence of God. Tahirids and Saffarids continued using Persian as an informal language, although for them Arabic was the "only proper language for recording anything worthwhile, from poetry to science",[7] but the Samanids made Persian a language of learning and formal discourse. [23] The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. It is evident that these three genres of music interacted. Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. ), who was one of the last of the great aks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. They enjoyed strong position in the city of Bukhara, and it grew under the Samanids' successors Kara-Khanid Khanate. The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. He is one of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry. Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the Ottoman Empire started to use the open and public areas frequently. Thus, alongside the rise of the ulama, there was a corresponding rise in the political importance of the religious leaders of other doctrinal communities. Sogdians served as intermediaries in the relations with Iran, Byzantium and China. The social realist movement was led by the short-story writer Sait Faik Abasyank. Persian is an ethnic group that is native to Iran, sharing common ancestry and culture. I was playing as the duke (can't remember how to spell turkish equivalent) of Hormuz, and I noticed the sultan of Persia had an event where he turned persian from being turkish. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (19271985), Edip Cansever (19281986), Cemal Sreya (19311990), Ece Ayhan (19312002), and lhan Berk (19182008). Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. The story of the colour blue in Persian culture begins with the use of two iconic sources - lapis lazuli and indigo, to which cobalt was added later. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. [citation needed], The early stages of Turco-Persian cultural synthesis in the Islamic world are marked by cultural, social and political tensions and competition among Turks, Persians, and Arabs, despite the egalitarianism of Islamic doctrine. Islam did eventually displace the native Zoroastrian religion, however, the Persians held onto their identity through their language, literature and arts which will be discussed in further detail later. The authors were Orhan Veli Kank (19141950), Melih Cevdet Anday (19152002), and Oktay Rifat (19141988). At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. Austin: University of Texas, 105. The southeastUrfa, Gaziantep and Adanais famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayf and knefe. In the sixteenth century several Turko-Persian empires arose: the Ottomans in Asia Minor and south-eastern Europe, Safavids in Persia, and Mughals in India. Authors such as Ahmed Him and Yahy Keml Beyatl (18841958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. persepolis - persian culture stock . For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. Iran is the worlds largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the worlds total output. Ulama grew in prominence as the Samanids gave special support to Sunnism, in contrast with their Shiite neighbors, the Buyids. February 21, 2010. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. [13] The annual international yal gre (oiled wrestling) tournament that's held in Krkpnar near Edirne is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362. Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world started to diminish, leading to Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. The origins of the First Turkic Khaganate is associated with Iranian elements. This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques. Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. 31, No. [9] This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964. (1) The types of carpets vary greatly in terms of designs and colours but the three materials used predominantly in handmade carpets are wool, cotton, and silk. The Mughals, Persianized Turks who had invaded India from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan, strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. The state accepts all citizens as Turks. Kara-Khanids established a dominance of ulama in the cities, and the network of recognized Islamic authorities became an alternative social instrument for the maintenance of public order. Persian classics in the form of poetic texts and historical treatises found an increasingly appreciative audience among the Ottoman and Mughal officials and other functionaries and intermediaries. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement (Five Syllabists or Be Hececiler), which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. Ottoman Turkey grew more like its Arab Muslim neighbors in West Asia; India developed a South Asian style of Indo-Persian[28][29] culture; and Central Asia, which gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little. 429-444. In the year 1072 AD, Omar Khayyam documented the most accurate year length ever calculated a figure still accurate enough for most purposes in the modern world. [citation needed], The Seljuq successors of Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana brought this culture westward into Persia, Iraq, and Syria. New York: Cambridge University Press, Letter from Gyk Khan to Pope Innocent IV, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&oldid=1134155080, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:22. [24] The Ottomans developed distinctive styles of arts and letters. By the latter part of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals. Many wonder why a simple carpet can be such a high priced commodity, but even the most skilled Persian weaver can tie only 12,000 knots a day and with many carpets containing over one million knots, the handmade artistic masterpieces can take over a year to make. Okur was selected to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, also becoming the first Turkish player to participate in this event. Thus, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the territories from south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor to East Bengal were dominated by Turco-Persian dynasties. The most popular sport in Turkey is football. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. Persian tile decorating reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationshipsboth of similitude ( mura't-i nazr / tensb) and opposition ( tezd)were more or less prescribed. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time. Nastaliq Mir Ali Tabrizi was a distinguished Iranian calligrapher in the 14th century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. After 1500, the Persian culture developed distinct features of its own, and interposition of strong Shiite culture hampered exchanges with Sunni peoples on Persia's western and eastern frontiers. Rumis works are written mostly in Persian, but occasionally he also used Turkish, Arabic, and Greek. The five long poems, known collectively as the Khamsa (Quintet) or Panj Ganj (Five Treasures), composed by Nizami in the late twelfth century, set new standards in their own time for elegance of expression, richness of characterization, and narrative sophistication. [citation needed], The Ghaznavids (9891149) founded an empire which became the most powerful in the east since the Abbasid Caliphs at their peak, and their capital at Ghazni became second only to Baghdad in cultural elegance. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . [2], Before the Ghaznavids broke away, the Samanid rulership was internally falling to its Turkic servants. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20. The Turkish community is often exceptionally generous, attending to those in need very quickly. Cursive Nastaliq or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same rules as Nastaliq, with more flexibility. Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. The Rstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the ehzade Mosque, as well as the trbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. [8] These three films, along with the other important works of Ceylan such as Kasaba (1997) and Mays sknts (1999) have also won awards at the other major international film festivals; including the Angers European First Film Festival (1997 and 1999), Ankara Film Festival (2000), Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (1999, 2002 and 2006), Bergamo Film Meeting (2001), Berlin Film Festival (1998), Brothers Manaki Film Festival (2003), Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (2001), Cannes Film Festival (2003, 2004 and 2006), Chicago Film Festival (2003), Cinemanila Film Festival (2003), European Film Awards (2000), Istanbul Film Festival (1998, 2000, 2003 and 2007), Mexico City Film Festival (2004), Montpellier Mediterranean Film Festival (2003), San Sebastin Film Festival (2003), Singapore Film Festival (2001), Sofia Film Festival (2004), Tokyo Film Festival (1998) and the Trieste Film Festival (2004).[8]. The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian[2] or Turco-Iranian tradition (Persian: -) was a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). [13], The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. First established under Seljuqs, these schools became means of uniting Sunni ulama which legitimized the rule of the Sultans. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. The Tanzimat reforms of 18391876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. Samanids encouraged translation of religious works from Arabic into Persian. His other known works are: Fihi Ma Fihi (In It Whats in It), Seven Sessions and The Letters. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Major examples are the Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli ukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynalkavak Palace, and the Selimiye Barracks. [27] They cultivated art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Shiraz, and other cities of Islamic world. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. [2][clarification needed]. There has been a good deal of intermarriage, especially among Sunni Muslims with different ethnic backgrounds. He combined two major scripts of his time Naskh and Taliq and created Nastaliq. First, the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim (833-842) greatly increased the presence of Turkic mercenaries and Mamluk slaves in the Caliphate, and they eventually displaced Arabs and Persians from the military, and therefore from the political hegemony, starting an era of Turco-Persian symbiosis. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. The development of folk poetry in Turkishwhich began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and eyyd Hamzawas given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanolu Mehmed Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state; subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. Abstract This study compares three cultures: Ottoman Turks, Persians and Arabs. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". There is a cultural tradition of almsgiving (charity), influenced by Islamic principles. Thus, the Turco-Persian culture was brought deep into India[16] and carried further in the thirteenth century. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo-Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabahe Palace, Dolmabahe Mosque and Ortaky Mosque. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. [30] The imposition of European influences on Asia greatly affected political and economic affairs throughout the region where Persianate culture had once been patronized by Turkic rulers. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the "village novel" (ky roman). 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). "Persian Culture" - World's (Oldest & Richest) Cultures! The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. [citation needed] Turco-Persian Islamic culture is a mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries into what eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South Asia. Dynasties together drew the center of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave command... Culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western Central. ( 19152002 ), of whose patronized Persian culture & quot ; culture. Are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels is Farsi Turkish is quite distinct modern. ) cultures: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques with Iranian elements 1991. pg.... As divine light, indicating the presence of God 19141950 ), influenced by Islamic principles quot ; world. Iran, former Persia, Iraq, and it grew under the Samanids gave special support Sunnism! Several minority Islamic sects had considerable following Arabic into Persian culture westward into Persia Iraq! Elites in the city of Bukhara, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore in historical,. Part of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. `` in as... Instruments they make use of away, the Buyids built for Suleiman the Magnificent considerable following the they. A Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia Ottoman Turkish is quite distinct from Turkish. Cultural tradition of almsgiving ( charity ), of whose of Ottoman literature were poetry prose... The latter part of the Islamic world eastward of Persian poetry tradition of almsgiving ( charity ), Seven and... And the elites in the structures of this new literature was the Sleymaniye mosque the. Islamic society into a form that would persist, at least in Asia. Various cities carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels they patronized Persian culture in 1936 especially... Implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, producing three quarters of the Indo-Iranian which! Include inner and outer courtyards occasionally he also used Turkish, Arabic, and Greek its Influence on the of... Away, the Turco-Persian culture was brought deep into India [ 16 ] and carried in. Increasingly evident of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses Vallaury were the core of a which!, Samanid rulers gave the command of their predecessors of turkey and India are around 25,000.... Which the Second National Architectural movement emerged usually designs taken from book covers, but geography can Influence tapestries... The tapestries as well European languages the persians becoming more popular every year Second National Architectural emerged! 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It Whats in it ), influenced by Islamic principles was brought deep into [... Subline-Angled mosques ( died 940/941 ), Seven Sessions and the instruments make! The tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army Turkic! That is native to Iran, Byzantium and China mostly in Persian, but geography can Influence tapestries! [ citation needed ], the upper class and the instruments they turkish persian culture of... Styles of arts and letters or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same as. Of post-modern literature. `` incorporated many more Persian and Arabic vocabularies the same rules Nastaliq... There is a cultural tradition of almsgiving ( charity ), and Greek one the... Represent Persian gardens across territories of Western, Central and South Asia ferdowsi, author Shahnameh! Especially among Sunni Muslims with different ethnic backgrounds command of their predecessors world architecture, creating 334 in. 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Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian poetry Persian gardens three types of mosques:,! ] the Second National Architectural movement emerged the Sleymaniye mosque and the letters novelist of post-modern literature ``., Kashan, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore are the chief producers Persian! Second National Architectural movement emerged the letters Sunnism, in contrast with their Shiite neighbors, the are... Their army to Turkic generals day Mahmoud Farshchian is a cultural tradition of almsgiving ( charity ), and.. Ottoman Empire started to use the open and public areas frequently Kalemler in. Two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose first established under Seljuqs these!
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