[7] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. Estate All the things he owned. As success quickly mounted for the young corporation, Flagler began to better provide for his family, moving them to Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither the company or its employees were ever convicted in court. He served as a vice president through 1908 and was part of ownership until 1911. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was a United States tycoon, real estate promoter, railroad developer and Rockefeller partner in Standard Oil. "Especially since her father would have never stepped foot in the house. This 'FEC' project had been underway since the late 1880s, when Flagler purchased the St. Augustine & Halifax Railroad in Jacksonville. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. The Standard Guide to St. Augustine. Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. Not much more is known about Henry Flagler's early life. Having bought land for the hotel, Flagler's goal was to build a pleasure palace and turn St. Augustine, Florida, into a 'Winter Newport'. (bosses daughter) Mary Harkness (step cousin) 1853. As elated as the couple was to meet their first and only son, her condition made planning for Harry's future feel disturbingly somber. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the oil futures trading. Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. PROLOGUE: In 1844, Henry Flagler dropped out of school. Although not much is known about Ida Alice Flagler, many sources claim she became fond of opulent parties and leisurely pursuits that were available to the fabulously wealthy. . [32] More threatening to Standard's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Henry Flagler's most monumental accomplishment was realized only a year before he died. His half-sisters Mary Esther (16 y/o in 1830), Jane Augusta (14), and Caroline (3.5) were the daughters of his father's first two wives. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. It was Henry M. The state provided incentive in the form of 3,840 acres (15.5km2) for every mile (1.6km) of track constructed.[49]. Standiford, Les. Dr. George G. Shelton, a graduate of New York's Homeopathic Medical College, was assisted by three nurses when Henry Flagler's daughter Jennie Louise Benedict died in 1889 following post-partum complications while journeying to visit her father on board the yacht Oneida headed to St. Augustine. In fact, the exterior bares a memorial script to his daughter who perished giving birth to his . Hello students! Both Elizabeth and Isaac had been married twice before, and Henry had a half- sister (his father's daughter from a previous marriage) named Ann-Caroline, or "Carrie," and a half-brother, Dan Harkness (his mother's . Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. Mary Harkness had been frail since childhood and her father often sent to a boarding school Savannah, Georgia as a means of sparing her from harsh northern winters. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. He was twenty-three and she was twenty and they were married in her father's home. As he grew older, he became determined to never be poor again. One stormy night, Alice is said to have nearly caused a shipwreck by not allowing the captain to return to port for several hours, despite experiencing gale-force winds and seasick friends. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. [36] The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. [25] The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. Indeed, there was a legal loophole provided to affluent Americans they were allowed to pay $300 to the government and hire a substitute to serve in their place. She had two sons from her previous marriage. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. You see, during the Gilded Age [and for far too long after it], women could be sent to a mental institution for just about anything. [25] The "trust" was a corporation of corporations, and the entity's size and wealth drew much attention. [34] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. Pratt and Rogers became Flagler and Rockefeller's partners. Seven years later he became a senior salesman with a salary of $ 400 per year. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. Their estate was called Kirkside and was built west of the Ponce de Leon property. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The accommodation features a satellite TV. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Even when a draft was issued in 1862, requiring American men 18 to 45 to join the service, Henry Flagler did not join the military. Flagler's wife died shortly after the partnership was formed. Researching those perspectives is like playing the telephone game with the dead; something is bound to get confused.). All this is to say that the winter and spring of 1885 were life-changing for Henry Flagler and his circle. 0:58. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. [26] Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. However, many other officials were wary of Henry Flagler. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. Flagler wanted to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with the west that the Panama Canal would bring. Harry and Annie's daughter Jean Louise Flagler made Palm Beach a large part of her life. To add to the sting, Henry 'Harry' Flagler was generally known as Harry Harkness, showing more deference for his mother than his father. [1], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York. Henry M. Flagler, in full Henry Morrison Flagler, (born January 2, 1830, Hopewell, New York, U.S.died May 20, 1913, West Palm Beach, Florida), American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. [46], Realizing the need for a sound transportation system to support his hotel ventures, Flagler purchased short line railroads in what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. [39] According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. Mary Harkness Flagler was the sweet, unpretentious first wife of Henry. In the early 1900s Flagler, affiliated with John D. Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company, conceived and oversaw the construction of the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad, paving . He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20, 1913 at 83 years of age. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. [18][19] Standard countered and held back its shipments and, with the help of other railroads, started a price war that dramatically reduced freight payments and caused labor unrest as well. Dan married Lamon's eldest daughter, Isabella, in 1849 (yes, they were first cousins). He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. . VisitStAugustine.com. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. "1892-A Year of Crucial Decisions in Florida", This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 15:49. He even owned newspapers in Florida. 1. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida My 4th great-grandmother, Elizabeth Howes, married (1) William Jones (my ancestor) and (2nd) Colonel Henry Ostrom, of Pleasant Valley & Patterson, Dutchess County, NY. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York on January 2nd, 1830 to Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler. His father was a Presbyterian minister, Isaac Flagler. The same year that she arrived in New York, her doctors insisted that she spend the winter in a kinder climate. Anderson owned a large tract of orange groves west of the Governor's House along King Street the main thoroughfare of St. Augustine and wanted to sell it to Flagler. This was the beginning of the Standard Oil company, which would catapult both men into unimaginable levels of wealth. [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. (2022). Over 30 years, Flagler had invested about $50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction and had made donations to suffering farmers after the freeze in 1894. [2] Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness, and a son, Daniel M. Harkness, from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Flagler commissioned the architects and builders of his other St. Augustine buildings to create the Venetian Renaissance Revival style . They had two daughters, Jennie Louise and Carrie. Henry M. Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway, Boynton station Nathan Boynton's winter home - later the Hotel Boynton While Murray and other laborers constructed the two-story wooden structure, the Murray family lived in a canvas tent on the west side of the canal (known today at the inland or Intracoastal Waterway). MLA: VisitStAugustine.com. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. Thus began an era of Flagler's life that he never spoke about to the press one of scrimping and scraping. Racked with bronchitis and unable to do much for herself, Mary joined Henry in the Buckingham Hotel. Henry is originated from United States. [30] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. His parents were very poor and struggled to feed their family. His lifelong interest was in music and its promotion, primarily in New York City. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. When he was 23, Flagler married Mary Harkness, a frail, 20-year-old cousin of Dan Harkness. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. If you ask the same question in Florida, most people will have known someone who lives on Flagler Blvd., in Flagler County, or down the road from the Flagler Museum. The voyage was harrowing and long northern tourists traveled by railroad, steamship, and mule-driven omnibus. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. 1888: The Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, 1888: The Casa Monica/ Cordova Hotel in St. Augustine, 1894: The Royal Poinciana Hotel in Palm Beach (on Lake Worth), 1897: The Royal Palm Hotel on the banks of the Miami River, 1901: The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach (on the Atlantic Coast). That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. Day 2 - Flagler Legacy Tour - Flagler's Churches - St. Augustine Distillery - Dinner at Ice Plant Bar This morning after breakfast, meet your local guide for a Flagler Legacy Tour. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. Craze became frenzy when Mary Lily Kenan and Henry Flagler married on August 24th, 1901. Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. The Zorayda's poured coquina and concrete structure, Spanish architecture, and lavish interior inspired Flagler, who actually tried to buy the building, but was denied. Sets with similar terms swee1122 New York, NY: Three Rivers Press & Crown Publishers, 2002. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Flagler. Showing 1-6 of 6. Chandler, David Leon. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Louis Comfort Tiffany (who was about ten years into his monumental career) was hired to decorate the hotel and craft its windows. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. Throughout it all, Mary was made to brave her condition without her husband, who had taken to staying at the Buckingham Hotel in New York, completely immersed in the business of Standard Oil. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Last Train to Paradise: Henry Flagler and the Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Railroad that Crossed an Ocean (Paperback) by. First, Dr. Anderson worked through the bureaucracy to get Flagler approval to fill in the marshland that was west of the original town plan. Who was Henry Flagler? He used convict leasing "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery"[47] to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.[48]. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. The cities of Miami and Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20, 1913 83. Made Palm Beach of his other St. Augustine & Halifax Railroad in Jacksonville 2 December 2022 at! In Palm Beach, Florida was also a key figure in the formation of the Civil war in,! A vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small Oil and! With similar terms swee1122 New York City after many years of age harsh working and conditions. 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