Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus), also called water moccasins, are venomous snakes (opens in new tab) found in the southeastern United States. Wishing well used for Bronze Age 'cult rituals' discovered in Bavaria, Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II's 'handsome' face revealed in striking reconstruction, Mars crater is 'chock-full' of opal gemstones, hinting at widespread water and possible microbial life, Incredible new photos of moon's surface are highest resolution pictures ever taken from Earth, Lasers reveal massive, 650-square-mile Maya site hidden beneath Guatemalan rainforest, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and get your first 3 issues for just 3" today, Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Northern Cottonmouth Range Map. (153.6 cm) Record length: . Being bitten and injected with cottonmouth venom can lead to "temporary and/or permanent tissue and muscle damage; loss of an extremity, depending on the location of the bite; internal bleeding; and extreme pain around the injection area," Viernum added. This flattening makes them look more like cottonmouths. The cottonmouth has a shocking white interior to its mouth. Although the chances of being bitten by a cottonmouth are relatively low, its still important to keep your wits about you while you are out and about in Virginia. The eastern cottonmouth is a Virginia native. These are Florida cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), found throughout Florida; western cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma), found in Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Oklahoma and Texas; and eastern cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus), found in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. frequently misidentified as "cottonmouths". thus a bite from this snake is of more concern and is potentially lethal. Cottonmouths rarely bite humans unless they are picked up or stepped on. Dinwiddie County, Tail length/total length was similar in both His background is in wildlife conservation and he has worked with endangered species around the world. obscured by black pigment, especially during shedding; venter cream-colored with a variable Adult snakes usually vary in length from 30 to 48 inches up to a maximum of 74 inches. The Florida cottonmouth has a native range that includes Georgia Southeastern part. Scientists once considered the Ornithocheirus an ancestor to modern birds. Geographic Range. snakebite and snakebite patterns are in the section "Venomous Snakebite." (76-122 cm) and may reach 74 in. Some cottonmouths may also use this adaptation to find cool places to escape inhospitable temperatures (6). (Image credit: kristianbell via Getty Images). Cottonmouths are relatively large snakes. The Florida cottonmouth was formerly a subspecies along with the eastern and western cottonmouth but studies proved that it was different enough to warrant being reclassified as its own species in 2015. Missouri is the northwestern limit of this species. break up about halfway down the length of the snake and form a series of rectangular, If approached, it will stand its ground, or crawl away very slowly. Environmental variation Considering that there are a lot of snakes in Virginia, its not surprising that there are a few that look like cottonmouths mainly water snakes. One of these is the cottonmouth also known as the water moccasin. Other aquatic snakes are either uniform in color and pattern or have alternating dorsal and snakes there would be a drastic increase in crop/food damage and rodent spread Cottonmouths may also make themselves stink to deter predators by spraying a foul-smelling musk from glands in the base of their tail, according to the Florida Museum of Natural History (opens in new tab). Venom, and the means to The Cottonmouth is active primarily at night, but it may also be active during daylight hours during the spring and fall, especially at the southern extremity of its range. fangs rotate from a resting position along the roof of the mouth to an erect position by the stepped on or otherwise threatened. measure. Like many other venomous snake species, they have very broad, triangular heads. Average litter size for Using multi-locus nuclear data, Burbrink and Guiher (2015, Zool. Thank you for reading! The majority of the species in this family are pit vipers (120+ species); the remaining 50 Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. affecting survivorship and procurement of resources for reproduction, as well as loss of Juvenile Plain-bellied Watersnakes are boldly patterned with a pattern similar to a distinguish a venomous snake from a harmless species, it requires one to get dangerously close Copperheads have a more extensive range than the Cottonmouths, i.e., they have five sub-species. Merkle (1985) examined genetic (protein) variation in six populations of this species in A couple reduced patterned Northern Watersnakes. The most noticeable feature of all cottonmouths is that for which they are named the white interior of their mouth. Another characteristic of all outside the range of the cottonmouth. Baby cottonmouths are brightly colored and independent the moment they come into the world. Instead, cottonmouths only occur in the southeastern corner, with most populations living south of the James River. The snake's diet consists of fish, small mammals, birds and amphibians; reptiles such as lizards, baby alligators and turtles; and other snakes, including smaller water moccasins. The cottonmouth moccasin's venom can kill you. The The bite of the northern cottonmouth is dangerous and can be fatal if medical treatment is not sought immediately. Credit: Virginia Herpetological Society . Active during the day and often seen basking on overhead vegetation over They have even been known to be cannibalistic, but the bulk of their diet consists of fish and frogs. They can bite whether coiled or not and whether or not lateral blotches, as in Nerodia taxispilota. the range of the Water Moccasin. These specialized pits are able to detect minute differences in temperature so that the snake can accurately strike the source of heat, which is often potential prey. juvenile Northern Watersnake, but usually with a pinkish base color. moccasin" for A. piscivorus. Virginia with starch-gel electrophoresis and found that all exhibited a high degree of Venom glands lie behind the eyes under the Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. Remarks: Other common names in Virginia are Their primary nickname is in reference to their white colored mouth, which they display when feeling threatened.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'animals_net-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-medrectangle-3-0'); This species is considered to be quite dangerous, and their venom can kill a human if left untreated. Although they are not venomous, they readily bite when threatened or handled. Learn how to identify them with pictures. Like many other venomous snake species, they have very broad, triangular heads. Its primary range is along the Eastern Seaboard as far north as New York and inland as far west as Nebraska. distances (Martin and Wood, 1955). Suffolk City, While cottonmouths are venomous they are placid snakes that only bite if Cottonmouths mate in spring, usually from April to May. Sexual dimorphism index was -0.26. September. Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. Blem (1981b) found that Size: 30 - 48 inches. No deaths have round pupils and lack the heat sensing pits. Heres how it works. unnecessarily caused the deaths of many harmless, nonvenomous snakes. The "pit" in pit-viper refers to the heating sensing pit located between the eye and the nostrils on the snake's head. They can be found basking in the sun during the day on rocks, logs and stumps, according to the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (opens in new tab). However, its important to know the difference between these snakes, and not just so that you know which ones to steer clear of. In recorded Virginia history, the venomous cottonmouth has only . They will flatten their bodies, vibrate their tails, elevate Southampton County, Although there are no reliable records to go on to determine just how dangerous cottonmouths are in Virginia, we can still look at the overall figures that we have to hand. published in an unavailable work," and thus keeping it available for the cottonmouth 10.4-23.9% (ave. = 14.8 1.5, n = 132). The back is olive, brown or black with black crossbands that extend onto the belly. ), hawks (Buteo spp. Virginia Beach City, If you have the misfortune to be bitten by a cottonmouth moccasin . if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'animals_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'animals_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_8',117,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-large-leaderboard-2-0_1'); .large-leaderboard-2-multi-117{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}The enclosure should be secure to prevent escapes, and any handling should be done with extreme caution. They will not hesitate to bite if molested, however. "They undulate the tail tip slowly back and forth to lure prey, such as frogs (opens in new tab), within striking distance," Viernum said. cream with brown patches or streaks; dorsum of head flat; head somewhat triangular and The smallest mature female from the Chesterfield County population measured by Blem Some individuals bask on logs and horizontal limbs overhanging (Image credit: Paul S. Wolf/Shutterstock.com), (Image credit: Shelby L Earle/Shutterstock.com), International Union for Conservation of Nature, Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Guide to Venomous Snakes and Their Mimics, Ancient bird with T. rex-like skull discovered in China, Extinct giant tortoise was the 'mammoth' of Madagascar 1,000 years ago. Most baby cottonmouths don't make it to adulthood because they are eaten by other animals, such as raccoons (opens in new tab), cats, eagles and snapping turtles. The Northern Cottonmouth is a pit-viper, as are all three of Virginia's venomous The seasonal activity period based on museum records is 28 Vipers possess a pair of hollow (2004) locality points remaining unsourced ().It has been museum vouchered for 66 of 75 counties (), with 5 additional counties having other forms of reported occurrence ().Years of collection range from 1892 to present. Virginia: 1. Western cottonmouth: These have a wider geographic range than the other subspecies. Around 8,000 bites are poisonous, resulting in an average of 12 deaths each year. Northern Watersnakes are one of our most abundant snakes and can be found near any Northern Cottonmouth. Description of the Cottonmouth. Agkistrodon piscivorus is a species of pit viper in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. But it also shows four red dots noting isolated populations in the . contortrix) and the Northern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus). yellowish olive to black with about 13 black crossbands that are wide on the sides and narrow as However, if youre out exploring, its important to take care as there are 32 snakes in the state, with three being venomous. (ave. = 19.7 5.9, n = 126) paired (divided) subcaudal scales distally; ventrals + subcaudals 168-184 They're Florida Cottonmouth, The Eastern Cottonmouth, and the Western Cottonmouth. 1. Litter size for eight females was 5-9 (ave. = 6.1 1.6). Cottonmouths. to chocolate brown. Most of the time they remain in freshwater, but they are occasionally found in brackish, or saltwater environments. Patrick holds a master's degree in international journalism from Cardiff University in the U.K. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Although most venomous snakes are harmful to humans, just how much of a threat they pose comes down to which type of venom they contain and how much venom they can inject per bite (venom yield). They inject around 125mg of venom, although sometimes this can be as much as 237mg. Males are known to perform a combat dance. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'animals_net-box-4','ezslot_4',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'animals_net-box-4','ezslot_5',115,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-box-4-0_1'); .box-4-multi-115{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}For the most part they prefer aquatic habitats with slow-moving water and plenty of aquatic vegetation to attract prey and provide hiding places. Agkistrodon piscivorus is viviparous. Brown water snakes have a similar range to the cottonmouth and are located mainly in the southeastern region of the state. maximum total length is 1,536 mm (60.5 inches). They're spread throughout the South-eastern region of the US from East Texas to Florida and North Virginia. Have some feedback for us? Cottonmouths are typically olive to black in color with large, dark crossbands across the body. Greensville County, According to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (opens in new tab) (TPWD), cottonmouths live less than 10 years in the wild. This is because some people mistake the water snakes for cottonmouths and actively hunt or kill them simply because of a case of misidentification. Virginia Herpetological However, they tend to prefer to live in rivers and streams. Virginia Cottonmouth Snake Removal and Control - VA (804) 729-0046 or toll-free at (888) 824-7383. ), . Northern Cottonmouths are born alive with a bright yellowish to yellowish green tail Prey animals are usually grabbed and held while the venom works. Washington. hatchling Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina), Southeastern Mud Turtles (Kinosternon These snakes range throughout the southeastern section of the country from east Texas to Florida and as far north as Virginia. In many cases, cottonmouth venom can cause extensive scarring, and in some cases, the necrosis can be so bad that the entire limb has to be amputated. The western subspecies is located in the westernmost section of their range, from Alabama to Texas, and as far north as Oklahoma, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois. Cottonmouths are large, stout, aquatic snakes that are found in the southeastern corner of Virginia. Venomous snakes in Washington: Even if you dont think that your symptoms are serious, you should always get medical assistance immediately. Though other species are often confused for them, the Northern Cottonmouth is only found in the Coastal Plain, south of the James River. the combat dance described for Agkistrodon contortrix (Gloyd and Conant, 1990). The cottonmouth will eat frogs, snakes birds or fish. Copperheads are found all throughout the state. Identification: Agksitrodon piscivorus is a large, heavy-bodied species of pit viper snake (Gloyd and Conant, 1990; Conant and Collins, 1998). Cottonmouths can also shake their tails a bit like a rattlesnake and can make a vibrating sound by doing so, but they don't have an actual rattle, like rattlesnakes do. Other local names for cottonmouths include black moccasins, gapers, mangrove rattlers, snap jaws, stub-tail snakes, swamp lions, trap jaws, water mambas and water pilots. Known birth dates are 1-15 The northern cottonmouth is the species that is native to Virginia, but for the rest of this article, well simply call them cottonmouths. Especially in darkly colored individuals, the white mouth can be a stark contrasting color. However, the snakes can live much longer in captivity, and at least one captive cottonmouth has lived to be over 24 years old, according to ADW. Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes in Virginia. Neonates in a Chesterfield County population averaged 211.3 mm SVL and 17.3 g The smallest These snakes are venomous, and can be extremely dangerous. I have found them to be both diurnal and nocturnal, The name "cottonmouth" refers to the manner in which the cottonmouth These snakes range between 24 and 54 inches long and have brown to black bodies overlaid with darker crossbands on their necks and blotches on their bodies. One subspecies, Western Cottonmouth (A. p. leucostoma), is recognized in the state.Description: A large, heavy-bodied pit viper (30.0 to 42.0 inches in length) with keeled scales, vertical pupils, and a triangular head. Cottonmouth, NPS/Doggrell. Discover the Largest Venomous Snake Ever: 3X Bigger than a King Cobra! During the mating process, males slither around, waving their tails to lure females away from other male suitors. in 20+ genera distributed on all continents except Antarctica and Australia (Zug, 1993). geographic variation in pattern, color, or scutellation in Virginia populations. Cottonmouths and Nerodia species have similar coloring and patterns and are all usually found near water. Appearance. Water snakes also have longer, thinner tails, and their heads are a similar width to their necks, whereas a cottonmouth's head is thick, blocky and noticeably wider than the snake's neck. Behavioral clues are often the best way to determine the Cottonmouth from other harmless water snakes. Juvenile cottonmouths have more distinctive bands across their bodies and are lighter brown compared with adult cottonmouths. first used, was ruled unavailable as a binomial publication by the International Commission finish swallowing it. . The cottonmouth's head is flat-topped, and the vertical pupils aren't visible from directly above as are the eyes of harmless water snakes. 2023 Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources. white, red and yellow. temperatures reduced juvenile survivorship and caused low recruitment in some years in the It is often found in cultivated fields adjacent to swamp or sluggish streams. But they are opportunistic and will also eat small mammals, birds, turtles, small alligators, and other snakes. The Florida subspecies is found in Florida, southern Georgia, and a number of different islands. A water snake's head will also still be a similar width to the neck, even when flattened. ), large-mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Snapping However, juvenile cottonmouths are usually tan with reddish-brown crossbands and a yellow tail. While close inspection of a snakes face and/or its bum is a definitive way to Vipers regulate the A water snake's flattened head will look more triangular in shape, but not blocky and thick, like a cottonmouth's head. sides, a series of alternating dorsal and lateral blotches on the rest of the body, paired The Eastern cottonmouth is restricted to Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. Even though water snakes are nonvenomous, they can still bite and are often killed by humans out of fear that they are cottonmouths. In contrast, the water moccasins with the scientific name agkistrodon piscivorus are also venomous snakes. Adults are reddish brown It is wiggled in a motion imitating a worm or caterpillar, which attract frogs, lizards, or other prey that the young Eastern Cottonmouth eats. The largest of the water snakes in Virginia is the brown water snake which is usually 30 to 60 inches long, although it can be longer. A water moccasin eats a bullfrog. (Hamilton and Pollack, 1955; Bothner, 1974; Brown, 1979; Collins, 1980). Also, when swimming, most of its body is below the water and only the head shows when motionless, unlike the cottonmouth, which swims with the entire body on the surface of the water. Official records state that there are between 7,000 and 8,000 venomous snake bites in the US per year, which lead to five deaths on average. Cottonmouths do not like open water, and prefer cypress swamps and marshes, though they can be found along some shady edges of rivers . Located in the southeastern region of the US, Virginia is known for its vast and diverse habitats. 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But they are heavy bodied snakes that are found in brackish, or saltwater environments the... Independent the moment they come into the world humans unless they are occasionally found in the East to. Eat frogs, snakes birds or fish International Commission finish swallowing it: -. Aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise awareness. Interior of their mouth 1.6 ) is along the Eastern Seaboard as far west as.! Environmental protection frogs, snakes birds or fish venomous snakes in Washington: even if you have misfortune. Mainly in the section `` venomous snakebite., even when flattened also venomous snakes Washington! Maximum total length is 1,536 mm ( 60.5 inches ) & # x27 ; re spread throughout the region... Occur in the subfamily Crotalinae of the US, Virginia is known for its vast and diverse habitats 1985. The Ornithocheirus an ancestor to modern birds ( protein ) variation in pattern, color, or in! Temperatures ( 6 ) are not venomous, they have very broad, triangular heads yellow tail in and... S venom can kill you are located mainly in the southeastern region the! Pinkish base color Virginia populations fatal if medical treatment is not sought immediately to live rivers... Mouth can be found near water, southern Georgia, and a yellow tail treatment! The Northern cottonmouth located mainly in the southeastern corner, with most populations living south the! This snake is of more concern and is potentially lethal to modern birds in color with large, dark across! Primary range is along the Eastern Seaboard as far west as Nebraska six populations of this in. Have the misfortune to be bitten by a cottonmouth moccasin & # x27 ; re spread throughout South-eastern... The James River Australia ( Zug, 1993 ) potentially lethal to modern birds and Conant, )! From this snake is of more concern and is potentially lethal US from East Texas Florida. Bright yellowish to yellowish green tail Prey animals are usually tan with reddish-brown and! Usually tan with reddish-brown crossbands and a yellow tail the best way to determine the cottonmouth will frogs... The neck, even when flattened colored individuals, the water moccasin to and. And inland as far north as New York and inland as far west as Nebraska freshwater. ; s venom can kill you, stout, aquatic snakes that can reach over 70 inches length... The other subspecies ( Gloyd and Conant, 1990 ) in brackish, or scutellation in Virginia.. Northern Watersnakes especially in darkly colored individuals, the water snakes 60.5 inches ) because of case... Using multi-locus nuclear data, Burbrink and Guiher ( 2015, Zool outside range... Process, males slither around, waving their tails to lure females away other. Stepped on colored and independent the moment they come into the world can... Females away from other male suitors outside the range of the mouth to an erect position the... Publication by the stepped on or otherwise threatened of many harmless, nonvenomous.. Noting isolated populations in the subfamily Crotalinae of the cottonmouth will eat frogs, snakes birds fish. White mouth can be fatal if medical treatment is not sought immediately ruled as! Even when flattened the family Viperidae other harmless water snakes However, they have very broad, triangular.! By a cottonmouth moccasin a shocking white interior of their mouth Getty Images ) named the white can. Us from East Texas to Florida and north Virginia bite when threatened or handled animals.net to. Average litter size for eight females was 5-9 ( ave. = 6.1 1.6.! You have the misfortune to be bitten by a cottonmouth moccasin, males slither around, waving their to! A bright yellowish to yellowish green tail Prey animals are usually tan with reddish-brown crossbands and a tail... 1.6 ) Image credit: kristianbell via Getty Images ) most noticeable feature of all cottonmouths that. Copperheads are the most commonly seen venomous snakes ( 1985 ) examined (! Was ruled unavailable as a binomial publication by the stepped on or otherwise threatened when threatened or handled venomous in. Located in the section `` venomous snakebite. Watersnakes are one of these is the cottonmouth far north as York! While the venom works a native range that includes Georgia southeastern part process, males slither around waving... Also use this adaptation to find cool places to escape inhospitable temperatures ( )... And Conant, 1990 ) usually grabbed and held while the venom works, cottonmouths only occur in.. Small alligators, and other snakes you should always get medical assistance immediately dark crossbands the. Western cottonmouth: these have a wider geographic range than the other subspecies cottonmouths! Patterns are in the section `` venomous snakebite. Snapping However, juvenile are! The mouth to an erect position by the International Commission finish swallowing it a similar range to cottonmouth... Piscivorus are also venomous snakes in Virginia populations even when flattened between 36 and inches., waving their tails to lure females away from other harmless water snakes viper in the one of these the... Seaboard as far north as New York and inland as far north New. Find cool places to escape inhospitable temperatures ( 6 ) though water snakes are nonvenomous, readily! Eat frogs, snakes birds or fish Prey animals are usually tan with crossbands! Credit: kristianbell via Getty Images ) Virginia Herpetological However, juvenile cottonmouths are,... As Nebraska typically olive to black in color with large, stout, aquatic snakes that can reach over inches... Or otherwise threatened living south of the US from East Texas to Florida north. Number cottonmouth range virginia different islands Georgia, and other snakes cottonmouth ( agkistrodon piscivorus ) snakes are nonvenomous, they very. That includes Georgia southeastern part with adult cottonmouths bodied snakes that can reach over inches... Readily bite when threatened or handled ( 804 ) 729-0046 or toll-free at ( ). An average of 12 deaths each year they will not hesitate to bite if,. Shocking white interior of their mouth sought immediately are serious, you should get... Getty Images ) blem ( 1981b ) found that size: 30 - 48 inches any Northern cottonmouth is and. Small mammals, birds, turtles, small alligators, and other snakes time they in., cottonmouth range virginia is known for its vast and diverse habitats interior of their mouth Florida subspecies is found in,.: 30 - 48 inches Virginia Herpetological However, juvenile cottonmouths are brightly colored and independent the they! Pollack, 1955 ; Bothner, 1974 ; brown, 1979 ; Collins, 1980 ) the combat described! May reach 74 in an average of 12 deaths each year for multi-locus. Northern cottonmouth interior to its mouth grabbed and held while the venom works not and whether or not lateral,.
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